Basic Boiler System Schematic
Below is a summary of problems associated with the common impurities in water and solutions to each problem.
List Of Problems Caused By Impurities In Water
|
Impurity (Chemical Formula) |
Problems |
Common Chemical Treatment Methods |
|
Alkalinity (HCO3-, CO32- and CaCO3) |
Carryover of feedwater into steam, produce CO2 in steam leading to formation of carbonic acid (acid attack) |
Neutralizing amines, filming amines, combination of both, and lime-soda. |
|
Hardness (calcium and magnesium salts, CaCO3) |
Primary source of scale in heat exchange equipment |
Lime softening, phosphate, chelates and polymers |
|
Iron (Fe3+ and Fe2+) |
Causes boiler and water line deposits |
Phosphate, chelates and polymers |
|
Oxygen (O2) |
Corrosion of water lines, boiler, return lines, heat exchanger equipments, etc. (oxygen attack) |
Oxygen scavengers, filming amines and deaeration |
|
pH |
Corrosion occurs when pH drops below 8.5 |
pH can be lowered by addition of acids and increased by addition of alkalies |
|
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) |
Corrosion |
Chlorination |
|
Silica (SiO2) |
Scale in boilers and cooling water systems |
Lime softening |
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